If you are a movie fan, you know that movies are rated before they are released to the public, in order to better inform viewers of the content of the film.

Movies were not always rated, however, which meant that their content was universally restricted in order to make it appropriate for all audiences. This also meant that the subject matter that could be dealt with within the context of a film was very restricted, and that directors had to find ways to deal with objectionable subject matter in creative, non objectionable ways.

Movies that are released today receive a rating from the Motion Picture Association of America, based on a system of criteria adopted in 1968. Before this time, there were no G, PG, PG13, R or other ratings designations in place.

A Universal code of screen content, the Hays code, adopted in 1930, stated, among other things that movies were not to portray drug trafficking, excessive kissing or seduction. The code, put into place because of the rapid transition at the time from silent films to longer movies involving dialogue and more involved plot lines, also forbade the glorification of murder, adultery, and childbirth.

This code remained in effect until the 1960s, when changing societal attitudes necessitated the move to a rating system that allowed certain things that had been previously forbidden, but restricted who could watch them, namely children. Although the Hays code was just that, a code, very few filmmakers took the chance of producing movies that violated the codes standards, since this would have doomed their films to obscurity.

The original movie ratings system developed in 1968 included G, M, R, and X for general, mature, restricted, and no one under 17 admitted, respectively. PG replaced M in 1970, and the R rating was modified to restrict admission to persons under 17 unless accompanied by a parent or guardian. In 1984, director

Steven Spielberg requested that the PG 13 rating be added, after parents of preteens raised concerns that some of his films, like Gremlins and Indiana Jones, were too scary to be rated PG.

In 1990, the ratings system was modified again, and the X rating was changed to NC 17 to indicate a movie that was non pornographic but still unsuitable for persons under 17. When people go to the movies nowadays, they use these ratings guidelines as a way to know what to expect when it comes to making the best entertainment choices possible.

There is a continuous development of computers and intent technologies but in the mean time all these developments  on one side leads to the development  in the various fields  for example  education , communication and  business, but  on the other  side it caused several  threats  on the Internet such as virus, trojan horse, worm, and spyware .

But before discussing on the process to get rid of these  threats, we need to understand what exactly these threats are and how they spreads.

A virus is a program or code that copies itself into other programs, it execute itself and replicate itself. Virus can infect desktop and network server, some viruses are programmed to damage the computer by damaging programs deleting files or reformatting the hard disk. Others are not designed to do any damage, but simply to replicate themselves and make their presence in video, and audio messages. These viruses can create problems for the computer user. They take computer memory used by important programs, these viruses can crash your system and slow your computer or even some times freezes the computer .

Viruses are of many kind and they infected different files like file infector viruses. These viruses normally infects executable code, such as .exe and .dll  files. They can infect other  files when an infected program is copied  from floppy, hard drive or from the network . Boot sector viruses infect the boot record on floppy disks and hard disks. All floppy disks and hard disks  contain a small program in the boot record that is run when the computer starts up. Boot sector viruses to this part of the disk and activate when the user attempts to start up from the infected disk these viruses responsible for slow booting of your computer.

Master boot record Master boot record viruses are memory-resident viruses that infect disks in the same manner as boot sector viruses. To repair computer infected by virus you need antivirus.

Worms are almost similar to that of the virus. Unlike the viruses, worm uses computer networks to replicate itself.  It searches for servers with security holes and copies itself .Worms are programs that replicate themselves from system to system without the user. This is in contrast to viruses which requires the spreading of an infected host file, However worms generally exist inside of other files often Word or Excel documents, there is a difference between how worms and viruses use the host file.

To remove all these threats from our computer, we need to download and install antivirus software on our computer. But we have to keep one thing in our mind, that installing antivirus software never means that our computer is free from all the threats, as these virus worms are created on the daily basis, so to make our computer immune against all these new threats, we need to update our antivirus software, we can download these updates form the websites of the antivirus software.

So if  we scan our computer, with the updated antivirus softwares atleast once in a weak, we can make our computer safe and secure against all the threats.

Hong Kong is one of the greatest shopping centers of the world. Due to its status as a free port, tourists traveling to China and Hong Kong can find the best deals anywhere in the world. Hong Kong hosts a lot of different items from all over the world.

The Landmark Atrium

The Landmark Atrium is a top shopping center in Hong Kong that caters for the upscale consumer. If you are looking for designer shoes, clothes, and bags, then Landmark Atrium is the place to go. The shopping mall is directly connected to the local transit station for easy access.

The City Plaza

This Hong Kong shopping plaza is a top class department store that features the products of Marks and Spencer’s. Aside from the usual designer shops, this shopping mall also has a wide array of toy products from Toys R Us and a heavily used skating rink. It is connected above the train station. The City Plaza is also home to the widest choices of Chinese and Foreign fast food.

The Lanes

Hong Kong shopping is not complete if one does not go through the famous shopping streets. One of them is the Lanes central. Lined up in these streets are various kinds of small shops that offer the best goods from seafood to electronic products. Hong Kong is known for budget shopping and great finds.

The Nathan Road

The Nathan Road in Kowloon is another Hong Kong shopping street that is known for its various boutiques that are popular to night shoppers. In The Nathan Road, your most valuable asset is your money and your ability to haggle. If you win, you can find the greatest deals. But if you lose, you will find yourself with overpriced pieces. In this street, the haggling is part of the shopping experience that is hard to replace.

The Stanley Market

The Stanley Market also in Kowloon is a most famous Hong Kong shopping center that is known for the excitement of going there as much as shopping there. Home to the best Chinese artworks and souvenirs, you can find lots of Mao items that you can take home. This experience is literally a drive to the jungle. If haggling is the unique experience in Nathan, then the journey is the featured experience here.